Recon to Render Safe

[MUSIC PLAYING] - Thank you for joining today's webinar, Recon to Render Safe, Enhancing Mission Safety with Spot. My name is Vatche Arabian, application expert for Boston Dynamics. We've got some amazing stuff to talk about today. But before we get started, I just want to run through some quick housekeeping. We'll be sending out a recording of today's presentation following the webinar. If you have any questions during the webinar, please use the Q&A button. We'll be going through some of those towards the end of the presentation, as well as, in the middle, we're going to have a quick break to take some of your questions live. Let's kick things off with a quick round of introductions. Matt. - Yeah, sure. I started my career at iRobot in 2010, testing their SUGV UGVs, and then I later transitioned to their field service team, where I worked on everything they did, from the FirstLook all the way up to the Kobra platform. I stayed with that company for about 13 years through their transition to Endeavor Robotics FLIR and then Teledyne FLIR. And now I am here at Boston Dynamics as the Government and Public Safety Product Manager for Spot. Back to you, Vatche. - Thank you. And just some background on me. Prior to joining Boston Dynamics, I was also at FLIR for quite a long time in different roles and have always been passionate on technologies that enable users to do their jobs safely and out of harm's way. It's been a pleasure, the last four years here at Boston Dynamics, seeing the ways departments have been using Spot for that mission, and I'm excited for the opportunity to demonstrate the capabilities of our platform today. If you've not been following or have been following public safety applications for Spot the past few years, you may or may not have heard about the first Spot lost in the line of duty last March, Massachusetts State Police's Spot robot, Roscoe. Officers were responding to a barricaded suspect scenario, and the robot was used to locate the suspect within the residence. It was knocked over by the suspect. The robot self-righted and was shot three times by the suspect. With the information the tactical teams received from Spot's cameras, they were able to isolate the suspect within the residence. And after deploying gas, the suspect was apprehended safely. Roscoe was completely repairable. However, it was important for us to be able to tell the story of saving lives by having Roscoe on display in the Boston Dynamics museum, and we are proud to tell that story of its service to every visitor today. You may be familiar with wheeled and tracked robots, but new to quadrupeds. So what makes Spot so special? Spot's legs and athletic intelligence give it the ability to go anywhere a person can go. Operated via tablet remotely with ease, the robot can be driven through uneven and unstructured terrain and even up and down stairs. Its obstacle-avoidance system makes navigating through challenging areas easier, and the robot can recover from slips and falls. Spot is about 100 pounds, fully loaded, is water and dust resistant, and has 90 minutes of runtime. In a bit, we'll get deeper into the sensor and software integrations that demonstrate Spot's multi-mission capabilities. So when we say multi-mission, what do we mean? Since its launch, we've seen and heard a lot of the ways customers have and want to leverage Spot, which has heavily informed our development and roadmap. So what ways are our customers using Spot? The three primary areas we're going to focus on today are ISR-- Spot is a forward-operating tool for tactical awareness and reconnaissance-- EOD applications, investigating and rendering safe suspicious packages and threats; and CBRNe, threat detection. Some of the other way Spot is being used to keep people out of harm's way are in applications like rad mapping and nuclear decommissioning, perimeter security, and also mapping and exploration using payloads like the Leica BLK ARC. Now, before we get into those mission capabilities, we're going to demonstrate some of the basic features on spot. So Matt, take us away. - Sure. So Spot is extremely easy to operate. Operators can pick it up and be operating within a few minutes. In this video, you can see how Spot detects the obstacle and navigates around it automatically, as well as maintains its stability when bumped or pushed by something in the environment. All of these features are invisible to the operator, who can simply point and drive with the controls while the robot does the rest. Things don't always go as planned. When the robot falls or gets knocked over, the self-righting feature automatically rolls Spot over so you can keep it in the mission. The operator only needs to push the button once, and the operator will-- sorry. The robot will then continue to work the problem until it's resolved. And then, as you can see here, it gets up and walks away. In addition to all that, as seen here, ground clutter like this is common on a scene, and a lot of operators, while using wheeled or tracked robots, have trouble getting through clothes. Having legs makes the ability to clear this space a lot easier. You can see the robot navigating the room using its obstacle avoidance without running into walls or furniture, making it simple for the operator. The same can be said for climbing stairs. You just point in the general direction, and the robot does all the work for you. This takes a skilled operator to do. For other ground robots, having to adjust the center of gravity and account for all that, but with Spot, it's as simple as just point and drive. Spot also has several autonomous features, and because of these, tasks like picking up objects and opening doors are easy for the operator to navigate with just a few taps on the screen. This would require a skilled operator for most UVGs, but with Spot, it's easy. For operators that prefer to perform tasks manual, that's still possible with the 6 degree of freedom manipulator. The operator can accomplish almost any task with a little practice. Excuse me. Spot can autonomously handle most types of doors or door handles. It doesn't matter if it's a push bar, lever, knob, or self-closing door. Spot can manage any of these in real time, with minimal input required from the operator. Operators can utilize one of the six onboard cameras to gain situational awareness once through the door to prevent putting themselves at risk. Here we can see the operator manually picking up a backpack to move it to a different location. And later, the operator is using the pickup and place-- sorry-- the pickup object feature, which is fully autonomous. We also have what I call semi-autonomous behaviors, which the operator can give Spot high-level inputs to guide it through its task, rather than going fully manual, like seen here, or fully autonomous, which we'll see in a second or two. And so here we can see the operator is just going to push one button, pick up object, tap on the screen, and the robot will just grab that object. If the operator doesn't want to do that, they can do the high-level commands, like I said, or do it fully manual like we saw prior. And then the operator is not doing anything here. It's just grabbing it and picking it up on its own. And then boom. - Cool. - Cool. - So we're just going to take a pause before we dive into the multi-mission capabilities and open it up for some questions. We did get a question on Spot for nuclear safety, which is not an area that we're going to deep dive in today. But there is a lot of content in our library regarding use cases at sites like Fukushima and other nuclear environments around the world for decommissioning. So definitely take a look at some of that material to learn more about how Spot's being used in that industry. Matt, just to start off conversation, like we just talked about picking up objects, how heavy-- like, what's the limit, I guess, for picking up and dragging with the Spot arm? - Yeah. For picking up, we say, like, 15 pounds fully extended and then-- sorry-- close in. And then fully extended, that does go down. I think it's like 11, 12 pounds is the full extended capacity of the arm. Dragging varies quite a bit. If I'm not mistaken, I believe we say 50 pounds on our spec sheet. But the robot can drag much more depending on the surface and the object. You could drag a car door across a concrete floor very easily. Or if it's something with wheels, it could be much heavier. But if it's something super heavy with a high friction surface, that'll have to be lighter for the robot to handle it. So the answer is it depends on the dragging. But standard is 50 pounds. - Yeah. There's a question about Spot being used in a wildland fire environment use case as an autonomous mule. That is not an application, just given the payload limits today, for Spot. And then there's another follow-up question on resistance to fire. Spot is not fireproof. It is IP54 rated, which is dust and water resistant. And then the top-line temperature is 55 degrees Celsius. Can Spot operate regardless of Wi-Fi or a high bandwidth connection? Matt, you want to take that one? - Sure, yeah. So the onboard Spot has a Wi-Fi connection. A lot of our industrial customers use that in industrial facilities. We utilize the MPU5, the Persistent Systems MPU5, as our radio package. So it can operate off of that. Generally, the range we see for that, too, while we're talking about it, is about 800 meters to a kilometer. I hate saying it depends, but it does depend, like, on the environment, if you have repeaters, no repeaters, the power output you're utilizing. But on average, I would say 800 meters for a kilometer direct point to point is what you get with Spot. - Yeah. Chandler asked, is there plans in the future to add zoom to the gripper cam? So the gripper cam, today, is a 4K image. It does not have digital zoom today. But we'd love to hear more about your use case and what level of detail you're looking for out of the gripper cam. That'd be helpful information because, yeah, we'd love to hear how customers are looking to use the tool. Yeah. If there's no other questions-- oh, Spot suitable for autonomous restricted area control and call alarm when interrupted by human? OK, so that's perimeter security application. So I think, again, there's some content that supports how that use case works. There's a webinar we did last September that's available that I definitely recommend checking out. But with some of the advances in our recent software and our Orbit desktop fleet management software, you can look for change detection. But it probably doesn't work exactly the way that you're thinking about. But, again, we'd love to hear more about how-- you know, where that question is coming from. All right, let's see some more content to drive some more questions. There's a couple coming in now. We'll get to that after, towards the end. Cool. So why is Spot a great tool for ISR? So we've had some examples of this in the real world by customers. But simply put, Spot's onboard cameras and Spot CAM+IR payload allow for 360-degree, situational, multispectral awareness of a scene. Spot's body cameras, 360-degree camera, 30x zoom PTZ give you a complete view of a space. And in lower light or more challenging visual situations like smoke, you can switch to view the scene using the thermal camera. Spot's arm allows operators to go through doors and use the 4K gripper camera for investigation around corners and hard-to-reach locations. The arm can be used to pick up and remove objects and threats, like in the example video here, as well as carry things into a scene, like a phone or radio or radio to extend comms in an environment like this. The arm can be used in a lot of different ways. And a real-world example of this comes out of Houston. So Houston PD has deployed Spot countless times in the past few years, but this story made headlines. The department received a call that a suspect was walking around with a firearm and machete outside a hotel. The tactical response team navigated to the second floor to investigate, and the suspect pulled the robot into their room. They were able to see through Spot's cameras what was going on in that room, and a second Spot was deployed to establish communications with the suspect, and the situation ended peacefully. And there's a lot of examples of this, but we just wanted to focus on this one. - Now, we'll talk about our disrupter integration, which we worked closely with our partner ELP to develop. Customers can utilize the various cameras to view the package or device they're trying to investigate, the manipulator to safely move that to a new location if need be, and then use the front or rear-mounted-- or sorry-- gripper or rear-mounted disrupter integrations to render that object safe. And in this video, you can see the rear-mounted disrupter solution, but there's also a gripper mount that can be used with smaller disruptors. The most commonly used solution will be the rear mount, but the gripper mount provides the operators the ability to reach into tight spaces and hard-to-reach areas that the rear mount can't accommodate. Both solutions utilize the same integrated firing circuit, a range finder, which is displayed in our tablet's UI, along with a laser-aiming system that can turn on at the operator's desired range. This also utilizes the same exact radio, the MPU5, that we use in our standard kit as well. And then we like to test the failure. So we put this kit through a lot of shots. I forget-- it's maybe a couple hundred, now, at the minimum. But we like to test the failure. So the video in the bottom left, I believe we were testing the HotRod in that video, which is meant to eject out the back. We want to know what happens when the unexpected happens. And so in that case, the HotRod didn't eject. And the worst that happened was the robot took a couple of steps. It didn't fall. It stayed upright. But we are-- just to go through the disruptors that we have currently, it's the CarbonFiber CF10, the Chemring RE70 and RE12G, the Pigstick, the M5 Hornet, and the HotRod. We are testing the PAN and Titan right now. We're not completely done doing the integration on those, but we will also add more on top of the PAN and Titan and all the ones listed on the left there as we see demand. So we also have a great partner in RADeCo, who has relationships with the top nuclear and chemical sensor companies in the world. They've taken more than 40-- it might even be up near 50 now-- sensors and integrated them into Spot with a quick disconnect bracket along with the operator-- they also allow the operator to quickly characterize the environment before they even put anyone at risk. They utilize our Signals API. So they actually pipe the sensor data into the tablet UI so the operator can see exactly what the detector is seeing. And then they also have a warning and caution thresholds that are set and displayed in the UI, as well, so the operator can get pinged when something doesn't look good. So Spot's CBRNe capability has been used countless times at different sporting events and whatnot, so stuff like the Indy 500 and the Boston Marathon. Basically, the operators are just walking the robot around, keeping tabs on the environment, and it gives them the first inkling of something that could be going bad or something they need to investigate. Again-- and it's a great-- the bot in the middle on there is-- the operators also love interacting with the crowd while they're keeping tabs on everything, too. So they're keeping people out of harm's way and entertaining them at the same time. So Boston Dynamics has been around for a long time, but as you can see in the left-hand side of the timeline here, Spot wasn't commercially available until 2019. And in the first few years, we saw very, very wide adoption of Spot. And we received mountains of feedback with all sorts of different use cases. And I just want to let everyone know that we're here and we're listening to that feedback. And this timeline shows the progression of Spot's commercial availability to integrating CBRNe, disrupter, and radio payloads, our Signals API, which I talked about previously, that streams all that data into our UI now for operators to see. And even Orbit, which originally was designed to be a industrial inspection tool, that is now being utilized by perimeter security customers who are using it to manage a bunch of Spots in a variety of locations. Most recently, we updated our UI to allow operators to customize it to their liking. This allows you to remove some of the clutter on the screen without losing the capability altogether. So if there are buttons that our industrial customers use that public safety and government customers don't use, the operator can choose to remove those if they want without actually not being able to use that anymore in the future. Coming soon, we'll have a tactical rugged controller that will allow the use of external batteries. It'll be offered in addition to our controller you saw in the videos today. That will have-- it'll run for several hours. There will be additional buttons that will take the need to interact with the touchscreen away, if the operator is wearing thick gloves or whatever they need to have on their hands for the mission. And it's also MIL-STD-810 tested. So it's good to be in whatever environment you would be in. And in addition to that, we're also adding the ability for operators that are tele-operating the robot to control the AV lights, which the lights in the bottom of the robot. So we'll be able to turn those on and improve Spot's lighting and low light conditions for the environment around it. But all in all, we have a very dedicated team here whose sole focus is to deliver what the end user needs to ensure that you all go home safely at the end of the day. - So before we wrap things up and shift to opening the floor for questions, I want to leave you with a quote from Commander Bellamy of the Houston Police Department. "We use the robot dog for almost all of our scenes now. And this technology allows us to interact with individuals without putting us or them at risk." All right, let's open the floor up for some questions. And I see a lot of them in there. And let's start off with-- actually, I'm going to go to a pre-submitted one. Are there grants available? So great question. This is a common question we get. So we work with an entity called GovFunds, and they connect-- we dig into the department, and they help departments find grants and other public funds that are available within even specific to your municipality. So we're happy to have that discussion. So if you're interested in Spot and want to talk about grants, please raise your hand. We'd be happy to talk to you about that more. There was a question that came in on what types of encryption between Spot and the controller FIPS. Matt, is that something you can answer? - Yeah. The MPU5 is FIPS-- it's FIPS certified. I'm blanking on the second half. It's like FIPS 2 or something. Anyway, it's FIPS certified-- the MPU5. And they are constantly updating that. And then-- I can't remember off the top of my head. I apologize. There is also security between the tablet and Spot separate from the radio. So you have a secondary layer from whatever the radio has for its security, and then there's of platform's-- its own security, as well. It's going to bug me. I'm blanking on the FIPS number off the top of my head right now. - Well, if it comes to you. We also have security documentation available on our support site. So definitely check that out as a follow-up. What is its height, both extended and not extended? That question came in in the chat earlier. I just noted it. I believe they were referring to the arm. I think it's 2 meter reach, 1 and 1/2 meter reach. - I don't know the exact number off the top of my head. It's-- yeah, that sounds accurate [INAUDIBLE]. Yeah. - Cool. Does Boston Dynamics intend to create a hardware or software ecosystem for tools such as Spot that will work with other police software platforms? - We won't be creating our own tool. So I'd be curious to know what tools everyone uses. We are focusing on doing improvements to integrate with systems such as TAK, DroneSense, those types of ones, where we know some of the gaps that we need to close for that. But if there are other tools, I would like to know we make sure we're covering all of our bases when we're going through that effort. But, yeah, we won't be making our own. - There's a question on-- are there plans to disable the power buttons on the robot remotely when public safety is using in their daily call-outs? - Not to disable them, but we've been going through discussions about-- we have had some customers put covers over the back that flip up or are magnetized. We're discussing about doing something like that. So they're at least obscured, but not disabled. - Gotcha. So this question came in from Paul. Any plans to make Spot cameras work in low light? You don't always want to have another camera to the payload. So I think-- if I'm understanding that question correctly, I think they're probably referring to the body cameras versus Spot Cam. So, right now, most customers are using Spot Cam for any situation where-- the robot cameras are an additional camera. And then there's the 360 camera that's within Spot Cam plus all the other sensors on that. So that's typically how folks are using it for ISR. But I don't think we have any plans to change the body cameras right now. - We're not going to change the-- yeah, not right now, at least, we're not changing the body cameras. But that was part of the reason we're doing that AV light control, was to help at least the newer versions of Spot that have those lights underneath. We can illuminate the ground around Spot without having the Spot Cam, which has the lights on it right now. So we're trying to see how much that helps and then continuing from that point. - Yeah. What is the max distance to the controller? And then there's another question that came in. Have you encountered customer use cases where 800 meters of range is required? So I felt like those questions work together. - Yeah, so-- yes. And again, unfortunately, the answer is it depends. Because if you're using the MPU5, again, depending on the environment, you can get that. Sometimes you can't. It really depends on if it's an open field, if you're in a building that's got really thick concrete walls. On average, you can get that point to point. You can use relay nodes as another method to get that far. Or if you're using a different radio, like Silvus and whatnot, it would depend on how their performance is versus another radio in that same environment. - Cool. Are there any restrictions regarding weather, smoke, and temperature? So we touched this during the middle of the webinar, but the Spot is IP54 rated-- so rain as well as dust. Smoke, you might run into issues with object avoidance. That can be toggled on and off depending on that scenario. And then for temperature, minus 20 to 55 C is the temperature range for Spot. There was a question on battery life. Yeah. Running time is 90 minutes. Can you switch the batteries during work to avoid waiting time for charging? Yes. - Yes. Yeah, yeah. So the way that works, just to cover it really quickly, is our charger can either charge the robot or battery at one time. So there's a cable on our charger. You have your battery charging. If you've got two, you can keep going continuously. Recharge is 60 minutes, runtime 90 minutes, just to cover that real quick. So you bring your robot back as it's dying, plug it in, take your new battery, unplug your current battery in the robot, put the new one in, and keep going. And the charger will keep the robot powered during that battery swap. So the robot doesn't turn off. You just yank the cord and then keep going. - Cool. - And then that battery will be charged before you come back with your next dead battery. - Yeah. There's a question. Have you ever thought about how to address issues related to decontamination procedures after accessing a contaminated area with the robot? So that's a great question. Again, this is application specific. But on the decommissioning side, we have had customers send Spot on a one-way trip into an area. And we've also got a solution that a partner, Createch, developed, where it's actually a bodysuit for Spot that goes around the robot. So you can send the robot in, and it's easier decontamination procedure. So again, it's specific to exactly how you're using it. So I'm just giving you the range of broad answers on that one. What is the resolution of the camera and the control screen? So, obviously, there's a range of cameras. I don't know exactly which one. Gripper camera is 4K. I believe the 30x PTZ is 1080p camera on there. The thermal imager is a 640-512 camera. I don't know the resolution of the 360 camera off the top of my head, but it's obviously-- it's a mix of different sensors. But hopefully that helps. When conducting perimeter controls, can it learn a route or patrol path, or does it require an operator at all times? So great question. Spot can be programmed to walk an autonomous route and then look for change along that route. It could also be operated remotely. So you could have someone at a security command center. Maybe a perimeter alarm that's connected went off. You need to send the robot in advance of sending a person because it's safer. Someone could be sitting at a desk and drive the robot down to look at what's going on and then establish contact with-- there is an intruder. So, again, it depends. It can be used both ways. Let me find another question. That one. This is a good one. I don't know if we can answer it, but we'll try. All of the videos are showing either elevated or angled down shots. Have you looked into the capability of shooting an object on the ground directly through A to C, without the angled down? - I'm not sure I follow, honestly. A to C. - OK. Yeah, and any questions we can't answer, we'll make note of, and we can follow up with you offline. Yeah. If Thomas can clarify, we'll give that another try. Can Spot be jammed by a jammer device? - That will depend on its comms package. So the MPU5 does try to avoid getting damaged-- sorry, not damaged-- jammed. They have their own software that I can't necessarily speak to because I'm not-- I don't work on the radio-- that avoids jamming. If we were using the Wi-Fi on the robot, yeah, that's easy to jam. But if you're using a different comms package, it's going to depend on what that comms package is capable of. Silvus and Persistent Systems, the two big radio companies, they both have their own ways of managing around jamming. So I would defer to them for specifics on that. But they can get around it in most cases, I would say. - Cool. What is the extent of its AI capabilities? So that's a good question. We touched on it in some of the content. So our 5.0 release introduced new visual detection models as part of our software, desktop software, we call Orbit AI. Right now, there's a certain amount of things that work really well that we've trained on, and we can work with customers, depending on what they're looking for the robot to detect change on. That is something that would require more additional conversation. But, basically, at its most basic functionality is Spot can look at fixed areas and make a note if something in that area has changed. So the big security application that it's trained on today is like open and blocked doors, obstructed doors, unlocked doors. If there's any of situation where the door needs to be secured, Spot can identify that. But, again, this is a new feature that we're looking to add functionality to. And the more we hear from you about what functionality would be useful in a security and perimeter security application, we'd love to work with you on further development on that. Thomas has a clarification, clarification to my question. When an object, possible explosives, is on the ground, you don't want to push energy downward toward the explosive. You want to push energy parallel with the ground or even a slight upward angle. Can Spot fire the pan tighten in a way without the package being elevated? - Gotcha. So with something like the pan, that would be harder because it's bigger. What you would do in that situation is probably use the gripper-mounted disrupter so you can get down parallel to the ground. So you could use the Titan in a smaller configuration because that'll be able to be handled by the gripper and then oriented properly. But something that's large like the pan, that might be difficult because the manipulator will have a hard time handling that weight. - Got it. Great. - I hope that answers that. Thank you for the clarification. - Thank you. Marcel asks, are there any use cases of fire departments regarding CBRNe? FDNY is a big customer. I think we had a picture of their robot right there. No CBRNe package on that picture, I guess. - Yeah, but-- - Oh, go ahead. - Oh, go ahead. No, was there more to the question? Sorry. - No, yeah. They just want to know how fire departments are using Spot and-- yeah, go for it. - Yeah, it's-- the customers I've talked with, like FDNY and whatnot, it's like post or secondary inspection, I think, if that's the right term. They go in after it's out and are doing-- like, they're checking for oxygen levels, hotspots, stuff like that, and just trying to make sure it's out and then assess if they need specific PPE or no PPE to go in. - There was the use case of the parking lot collapse out of New York a couple years ago, where the parking lot collapsed. They were worried about structural integrity. But there was also potentially a victim inside the collapse. So before sending everyone in, they sent the robot, along with drones, and the two of them cleared the structure, found the victim. Unfortunately, the victim was deceased. But they were able to have that information quickly and more safely than a bunch of folks running into a collapsed structure. So that was another use case. - Yeah, that type of terrain is what quadrupeds are really good at. And so that's-- they'll send that in and then before they have to send a person in, just to avoid more casualties. - And they're a user of the CBRNe package from RADeCo, as well, FDNY. Cool. Is Boston Dynamics involved in international sales of Spot? We are. Great question. Spot is used in, I believe, 30 plus, almost 40 countries. And yeah, we work-- we sell direct. We work through some partners in some areas. So happy to speak to you more about availability in your region. How adept is Spot at navigating challenging elevated outdoor terrain? - It can handle it well. There's all those features we touched on at the beginning, those can be toggled on and off depending on what you're running into. So you can leave all the stuff on and let the robot manage it. Or if you're in some trickier environments, like thick brush and whatnot, you can turn off all of our obstacle avoidance and autonomous behavior, so the robot will just plow through it like any other robot. So it handles it fine, and you might just need to get into our settings and do some tweaking depending on what you're running, I'll say, through, because if you're running through stuff, that's when it gets a little tricky. And you just need to have an understanding of what each setting does and how it will affect how the robot navigates that terrain or that environment. - Cool. Any plans in the future to add capability to view videos with FPV goggles? - We've-- nothing on our roadmap currently, but it is something people bring up every now and again. And we've been exploring it. But there's not a huge demand right now with Spot in particular. So I would love to learn more about what you're thinking, honestly, with that. - Cool. I think we've got a lot of the questions. This feels very specific, but I'm going to try and see what you see, because I definitely don't know the answer. Would the Persistent Systems CBL data 3002 or 3003 cable allow for HDMI output separate from the operator view on the controller? - Let me look up that cable real quick. I forget which-- - I know I've seen-- like, I've seen-- personally, I know that folks using the radio have piped into the video signal wirelessly, but, yeah, go for it. - Yeah, so I just-- I looked it up real quick. So no-- no. But what we are exploring is they have a video encoder port on the top of the radio utilizing that. Because our video, because it's encoded, just goes straight through to the controller, kind of the way we do it today. So that cable wouldn't just magically break it out. But that video encoder port on the top of the radio, we've actually been talking with Persistent Systems about how to better potentially utilize that to get the controller feed exported elsewhere if need be. - Cool. Awesome. How does it negotiate in and around standing water? Thinking of an instance such as a pipe has burst. So I think this question comes more from an industrial perspective but I think has applications in public safety. Like, what's our recommendation for standing water or walking through water? - As long as it's not at the knees, you're fine. At the knees, it could get a little tricky. The boards in there are conformal coated, so there's no risk of shorting. But it's just getting deep. Depending on the depth, you may need to turn off some of the features that I was talking about before-- the obstacle avoidance, and I think it's called ground height detection and whatnot-- because if the cameras start to see the water as the floor, the robot's going to try and step on top of the water and get wonky. Again, it's just settings you'll have to kind of, through training and practice, understand what they do and how they affect the robot. So it can navigate that fine. It's just, depending on the depth, you might have to tweak some settings. - Cool. And then the follow-up question was, is it made in the USA? It's made right here in Waltham, Massachusetts. So all Spots are manufactured here in the United States. Another jammer question-- we did answer that one already. Thank you. Can the controller have customizable buttons to run custom commands? Example-- run custom software on Spot CORE. But maybe take that as a broad, can you have custom features to the button? - Yeah. The way we do that today is you-- through the Spot CORE, you can create-- like, if you have some function or action you've created, you can use our action button, which is the red circle with the plus. That's how you can map some custom behavior or action to a button, is you would create a button that lives in that action menu directly to the hand controller, if that's the reference, not today, because all those buttons are currently mapped. But with the controller-- we talked about a slide or two before this-- there will be more buttons that we could entertain, like having actions mapped to that are custom or something in the future. - Cool. All right. Well, with that, I think we've had a good webinar. If you do have follow-up questions and we didn't get to your specific question or there's more follow-up needed, please feel free to reach out. If any of this interested you and you want to learn more and have an additional conversation with us, please raise your hand in the follow-up email with the recording. Thank you all for joining us. Thank you, Matt, and thank you all for your time, and we'll see you next time.