Enhancing Nuclear & Radiation Operations with Spot

Hey, everyone who's just trickling in, thanks for joining us for the webinar today,EnhancingNuclearandRadiationOperationswithSpot.I'm Makayla Krupp. And I'll be the moderator for today's session. And we're going to be talking about how you can use Spot for your work in radiation environments, from inspection to mapping to decommissioning and a bunch of other topics. So with that, I guess we'll go ahead and get started. Aaron, do you want to start by introducing yourself? Sure. I'd like to start off by thanking everyone in attendance for taking time out of your day to join us today. I am Aaron Messinger. I'm the government sales manager here at Boston Dynamics. I cover our government nuclear space and decommissioning. Now, I want to introduce Will Newsom from our partner, Createc. - Hi. Good morning. Good afternoon, everybody. My name is Will Newsom. I'm the chief executive at Createc. So I'll kick off with just giving you a very brief introduction to Createc. We're a technology business. And we've got headquarters in Cumbria in England. We provide robotics, physics, and AI into nuclear, into defense, and critical national infrastructure. We've got a team of over 70 people. They work in nuclear and critical applications in UK, US, North America, Europe, and Japan through our offices in UK, Norway, and Tokyo. We're a gold partner with Boston Dynamics. And we've been working together with Boston Dynamics for almost five years, developing solutions, integrations, and developing payloads with Spot. So let's talk about the nuclear industry then. So as everyone knows in the call, the nuclear industry is such a wide-ranging industry. And because we've got a really short time in this webinar, we're going to concentrate on power generation, on decommissioning, and C-B-R-N-E or CBRNE. Nuclear, of course, in terms of power generation is a really, really important part of the overall energy mix. In 2019, nuclear generated approximately 10% of the world's energy, and it did that by providing a constant baseload of clean power source. So if we look into then some of the requirements, the needs for nuclear power and the operational challenges, as always, safety is always number 1, regardless of what type of nuclear industry we're talking about. Now, depending on the particular size of the nuclear reactor, each day that that nuclear reactor is switched off, there's a commercial loss there of approximately $1.2 million per day from a lack of power generation. So therefore, it's really important to reduce the amount of time that reactor switched off. That's either reducing the downtime for planned outages, avoiding unplanned downtime. So the reactor is scramming. And also looking at life extension through regulation. Spot can play a part in all of this for collecting data and supporting power generation to hit each of these pain points. Now, if we flip it and look on the other side of the coin, in terms of decommissioning, again, it's important to say that safety is absolute paramount, number 1. But with decommissioning, most sites are either cold and dark. So they're shut down decommissioned reactors that have had their fuel taken out of them. Or they can be historic, highly complex facilities. Therefore, getting up-to-date information and understanding of what the condition of the plant is key. So we can send mobile robots in as a one-off mission. Or we can have robots operating on regular autonomous missions for condition monitoring. All of this really summates then into preventing humans from doing the dull, the dirty, and the dangerous tasks. And all those things save time, cost, and dose to human operators. So I'll pass over to Aaron. As Will outlined, time, cost, and safety remain the core challenges. Spot directly mitigates these through autonomy, equipment monitoring to reduce downtime, and empowers teams to operate in hazardous areas, keeping them safe. Spot enhances operations with its adaptable, multimission capabilities. As you can see here, some of those include nuclear applications for operational nuclear sites decommissioning, government applications, and emergency response; mapping an exploration using LiDAR. Those can be used for digital twin. Real-time mapping of unknown and known environments. We touched on earlier autonomous inspections using Orbit software. Those include visual, thermal, acoustic, radiation, and environmental data collection. And also, it can strengthen your perimeter security, increasing situational awareness, and can be used in CBRNE and hazmat response using many different payloads that are out there. Spot Performs a range of missions in radioactive environments. Many of these include radiation mapping, scanning of facilities using LiDAR, various surveys and inspections through autonomy or teleoperation, along with material movement and drum store monitoring. We will go into more of these in detail with use cases in today's presentation. Spot's modular design allows it to carry a wide range of payloads that can be easily changed out. This is a clear illustration, showing several payloads used in nuclear environments to include communication kits, CBRNE sensors, a Spot arm for manipulation, and the Createc NV-Explore payload, which provides real-time gamma radiation and mapping capabilities. From here, I'm going to pass it along to Will to discuss this unique payload in more detail. Cheers. So Createc's NV-Explore or N-Visage Explore, it's the first fully Spot-integrated real-time 3D gamma imager. It gives that real-time metric information. And it displays it directly on the Spot tablet. Or you can stream it to any other computer unit that you connect to the network. The main components that make it up is the Leica BLK ARC. That's a LiDAR, a laser system. That gives you two things. It gives you reality capture. So you can get a really tight point cloud, colorized point cloud. And it also does mapping as well. So we use it to understand where the robot is in its 3D environment. So you don't need anything like GPS to go with it as well. Another main component on the tail of the unit, as it were, is the actual radiometric sensor itself. For anyone who's interested, that's a Compton imager. So we get all the benefits of Compton imaging. And then there's also a RadEye dose meter there. So we use that as the health physics or RP approved instrument. So we can take that data and push that into a safety case. Then inside of the payload is a compute unit to do all the data processing and a industrial mesh network there provided by reagent. So NV-Explore gives you dose information in real time in the form of a trail or dose points in a map that shows on a tablet. And it also gives you an augmented reality view. So you can see your environment and you can see your gamma overlay. Then you can output a point cloud with all of that source information. We'll show you some examples from some use cases later. In terms of looking at the numbers, if you're interested in numbers, imaging range is 1 microsievert to 100 microsieverts. That's 0.1 millirem to 10 millirem unprocessed data. Or you can postprocess it. And you can go up to 10 millisieverts an hour, which is 1 rem. So that's one enabling tool for mobile robotics for Spot in nuclear. If we look at another one now, we've got the Spot Suit. So the Spot Suit prevents Spot from ingesting contamination in contaminated environments. It's much like a human protective suit. So it's a multithickness welded PVC suit with HEPA filters. It's got reinforcements in the knee joints and in the torso. And there's a track record here of use in nuclear, sending robots into applications and getting them back clean again. So we'll continue onwards. While we're all here talking about Spot in radioactive environments, I'll talk a little bit about Spot itself. Spot's quadruped robot. It is a little bit different than a track robot in the fact that it can go most places where we can go using its active perception, obstacle avoidance. It could be used in autonomous mode using Orbit or be teleoperated beyond visual line of sight. It has the unique capability of getting up if it falls. It can climb stairs. It can open doors and manipulate objects with its arm. And it has a variety of payloads that it can be used for. A common question is, how resilient is Spot to radiation? At Los Alamos, it withstood 413 rem without failure in a limited test. We have yet to seen a Spot fail in a real test in a more comprehensive test. We do have one coming up in Q1 of 2026 that will help us understand the failure rate with gamma radiation. Right now, we do have a spot that is operating at a accumulated dose of 4,000 rem without failure. Now we'll discuss a little bit of use case in nuclear operations. Oh, this is you. Sorry. That's all right. Dominion Power, one of our customers, uses Spot for autonomous inspections, radiation mapping and surveys to improve monitoring and keep people out of harm's way. Next. We discussed radiation mapping earlier. Spot is widely used for this, providing radiation mapping and source characterization. It provides repeatable surveys, long-term monitoring in areas too hazardous for people. It also supports premaintenance entry and downposting for decommissioning. These provide overlays for clear radiation visualization. The images you'll see on the right are ones made by the Createc NV-Explore and highlight the mapping that it creates. On to the next one. So I'll give you a brief case study from our colleagues in Bruce Power. I must start out with a shout-out to the team at Bruce Power. They're really heavily adopting the digital radiological characterization piece. So Bruce Power have taken the Createc NV-Explore gamma imaging system mounted onto Spot. And they've used it to improve radiation mapping across their CANDU reactors. What Bruce Power wants is a more accurate, efficient, and safer method for radiation field characterization. The main goals are around data. It's to improve work planning, to improve radiation protection decisions, and to improve the prejob briefings. Of course, it hits those three points of safer, faster, cheaper. They want to minimize worker exposure and support ALARA or ALARP compliance and enable better understanding of source terms of contamination in piping and also dose distributions as well. So where the radiation is actually coming from. Ultimately, you want to build a site-wide digital data sharing system for RP, for operations, and for engineering. And the benefits of all of this are really numerous. They've now got a high-precision 3D radiation map. They have improved outage and operational decision-making. They've now got a near real-time assessment of pipe flush effectiveness. So that's before and after the cleaning of pipework. It's enabled routine radiation scanning and engineering surveys during outages. And really importantly, it's reduced dose to workers and improved data quality. Obviously, the whole digital system has allowed RP teams to visually understand the dose planes and the source distribution. And again, that has improved then the prejob briefings and minimized work exposure. So overall, it's supported safer inspections by placing Spot into the higher rad areas instead of putting people in there. So it's a great use case. So we'll move on now to talk about decommissioning. And in terms of decommissioning, Aaron's already spoke about the general capabilities of Spot. So just here, we wanted to talk about some specific use cases that we both implemented with customers in nuclear. And we can split some of these use cases into one-off deployments or into fully automated, regular, continual surveys. So those regular continual surveys, of course, they can be condition monitoring to digitize your whole facility. Can be digitizing valves, dials. Taking any analog information and ingesting that data. Of course, in terms of teleoperation, one-off deployments, you can do radiation mapping. But then the other side of that is with autonomy is looking at using autonomy for health physics surveys. Now, of course, there's manipulation. So the robot doesn't have to just wander around and sense data. It can actually interact with a facility. And the manipulator on the robot can be used to operate valves. It can clean up waste, it can take packaged waste and place into drums and many other things as well. And also we can show some examples as well of swab or swipe sampling and alpha monitoring as well. We'll talk about next a couple of the use cases that we've got. This first one is at Three Mile Island. So Createc supported partners Transco to deliver a full 3D radiation characterization of TMI Unit 2 for ESJ, EnergySolutions/Jingoli As far as I know, this is the world's most complex mobile robotic deployment in nuclear to date. The purpose of it was to produce a complete digital radiation model for the reactor building to give the most amount of information since the 1979 incident. We deployed multiple robots, some wheeled robots, legged robots as Spot. And they worked in collaboration to actually capture that data and to get the job done. We set up an ad hoc data network with multiple robots and an agent industrial network system. And we took over 1,000 data points, over 30 envisage scans, many, many hours of footage and did all of that within a six-week period on site. The robot itself took over 50 sieverts, 500 rem during that time period. So here's a video of operators setting up the robots for the first time. Our partners made a lift to get us into the basement. So you're now looking in the basement of TMI Unit 2. So Spot is clearing the way, moving debris out. Spot is deploying tools at height using its manipulator, and the ground vehicles are deploying some other sensing technologies as well. So again, it's robotics working together. Here's a downsampled LiDAR scan of TMI Unit 2. Typical reactor. You can get to see the complexity of it here and whereabouts the robots have had to maneuver through the facility. The image that's just about to pop up in the right-hand corner is the swansong of this project. So here the colorized areas is the radiation. So this is all metric information that can be further processed afterwards. And you can get further information on it. So if we move on, we'll talk about quite a similar application to Three Mile Island. This was at NRS Dounreay in Scotland right at the very top of the UK. Again, customer wanted a full characterization of this evaporator cell. Really, really complex facility. Nobody's been in there for the past 25 years. For this particular application, two robots went in, two Spots-- one with an arm to deploy the network and for swabbing, swiping, sampling and one without an arm that had a high-quality camera, LiDAR, and our NV-Explore. For this particular project, we went in on the Monday, prepared the robots, put them in the protective suits, deployed Tuesday to Thursday, undressed the robots, cleaned them. And despite working in a contaminated environment, both the robots came out clean for reuse elsewhere. So on the next slide, we can see the actual snippets of some of the data that we've managed to capture from this. On the left, again, downsampled view of the LiDAR output of a 3D model. You get to see the complexity of this in terms of all of the pipe structure and everything that's in there. Highly congested environment. In the middle, that's what we call is the Compton solution. So here you can see the higher colored areas with the radiation. And in this instance here, the customer originally had the idea that actually the radiation would be more at the top of the facility than it was actually at the bottom, but it was the other way around. So whilst there was higher activities of radiation in a vessel at the top, because that was shielded, the biggest contributor was all of the-- was all of the radiation at the bottom. And then on the right-hand side, we've got the dose planes. So these dose planes give you at any point on that surface how much radiation dose rate is there. So we can put these dose planes in any position, at any height, at any angle. Now, all of this data that we've captured for this project and also for the Three Mile Island project is captured within a digital model. So we can use that to then inform the future decommissioning of these facilities. So we can run this through a simulation. And we can say what happens if this pipe is shielded, what happens if it's flushed out, what happens if we scale this concrete, how does that actually affect the environment so that we can come up with a safer, faster, cheaper way of decommissioning this facility and run all those simulations very, very quickly. So let's move over to another use case, this time at Sellafield. And again, I must give a shout-out to the team at Sellafield. They're truly a center of excellence for the rollout of mobile robotics in nuclear decommissioning in the UK. And there's so many use cases here. But the two main use cases to talk about, the first one is on autonomy. So personally, I really believe that there's huge scale and huge value in autonomous missions with mobile robotics in nuclear. So this particular one here in the engineer drum store is the first permanent autonomous mobile robot in nuclear in the UK. So its purpose is to conduct environmental monitoring in a waste store. It removes humans from entering that contaminated environment. It's walked over 70 miles. And it's taken 10 millisieverts within three months. And those numbers are going to, obviously, increase and increase. But we've now got a capability whereabouts. We can add so many more applications to that robot for a really low cost. So in the future, we can not only do the environmental monitoring, but we can also, for example, monitor drums for corrosion. We can look at the cleanliness of the store and many other applications. The second application that we'll quickly talk about at Sellafield is subtly different from the others. So of course, we've shown robots collecting gamma information. But in this particular application, the robot has also captured alpha information by frisking. I believe for anyone that's interested, it used a DP6 on a RadEye G20. And it's fused those data sets together. And infusing that data set together, again, you've got a truly rich picture of that facility. The thing that was the requirement of why the robot went in here is because there wasn't actually the infrastructure in place to send humans in there. So you would need to put all the equipment in there for the air-fed suits and everything else to allow the humans to go in there. So therefore, it was safer, cheaper, and quicker to then send the robots in rather than build all that infrastructure and commission it again. So we'll move on from there. Next, we'll discuss how Spot can be used in emergency response capabilities. Spot supports emergency response by navigating difficult terrain. I discussed that earlier with Spot's perception and how it can move throughout an environment using its legs. It can provide situational awareness with the onboard cameras and a wide variety of payloads, collecting samples that can either be through CBRNE sensors or through swabbing. And it can deploy sensors without exposing personnel to harm. Next. Sorry, Will, you don't get a break. Sorry, just took a quick sip of water. So on this here is what we're showing is collaboration between Spot and UAV for collecting samples for CBRNE application. So UAV fly over the top of an area, an environment. Digitize that. Get the LiDAR out of it. Once you've got that LiDAR information, you can then jump into a piece of software that we developed in order to create robotic missions that are then fully autonomous to select what type of sample do you want to capture and specifically what location. So then the robot will autonomously go away, capture that sample. I'll talk to you more about sampling in a moment. And it'll digitize all that information so you know what sample you've taken from specifically what area. And you've got all the QA associated with it. So if we move on, we can have a look then at some of the sampling tools and technologies that we've developed. So we have fully automated manipulation that allows us to capture some sampling. So the robots work together within the software that we showed previously that the Createc team developed. You've got a robot that carries a whole load of samples-- a whole load of sample tools, sorry. They're individual tools all sealed together. The robots work in collaboration. The robot with a manipulator comes along and retrieves one of those sample tools to then go and capture that particular sample. So again, because this is all autonomous and the system doesn't have any prior information, the robot has to use an awful lot of technologies and techniques to be able to understand whereabouts it is in 3D space. So what you just saw there was soil sampling, drilling down into soil. We're looking at gravel sampling and then putting the sample tools back in their sample holders so that they're sealed. And then you've got the full quality assurance of where that sample was taken and all the other data associated with it. And no, it's not going to get cross-contaminated. So again, this is removing humans away from harm by doing this robotically and getting that really rich data picture. I'll pass back to you, Aaron. Thank you, Will. As discussed earlier, Spot has a unique capability for supporting CBRNE missions using a wide variety or range of sensors that can detect hazards from a safe distance. This allows the users to explore areas and go into hazardous environments, keeping them out of harm's way. It has been deployed around the globe for multiple events, for national security events, and sporting events using these sensors. We'll move on. All right. In summary, Spot creates significant value for nuclear and radiation operations by reducing planned and unplanned downtime, extending equipment life, enabling remote real-time data collection. And the most important thing is keeping people safe. With that, we're at the end of our presentation content, but we have quite a few questions that have come in through our Q&A submissions. So keep those coming. And if we don't get to answer them live today, someone will follow up and make sure you get an answer to your question. So I can kick us off with our first one. We had a couple questions come through, digging more into Spot's autonomous inspection capabilities. Aaron, would you mind speaking to some of our sensors like our acoustic imager, thermal camera and how those are used out in the field? Sure. So using our Orbit software, which provides fleet management of Spots, we use a wide variety of collection tools. Spot Cam, which provides visual surveys. It can do thermal imaging for temperature ranges on motors to ensure that they're operating within the optimal temperature range. You also have the ability to put acoustic sensors on it through a Fluke SV600. That allows you to do acoustic sensing through leak or mechanical evaluations of equipment. There's also the ability to do AI, large language model questions for change detection and other things. So as far as sensors go, customers put different payloads depending on their situation. They can do gas sensing payloads for autonomous inspection using Orbit. And then that gives live signal data back to the user for emergency response. Thanks. We had a lot of questions come in asking about radiation damage to the robot. And then we touched on what Spot's been exposed to and what we've seen in the field. But, Will, do you want to elaborate a bit more on exposure and testing and what people could maybe expect? Sure thing. No problems. So as Aaron mentioned, going to be an upcoming project that Boston Dynamics are going to take to look at what some of the limitations are. But certainly, in our experience, like I say, we've got applications of thousands of rem or tens of sieverts. And what we note is that as the dose rate increases and increases to really extreme levels, you can actually get an indication as you're operating that in real time. So you get a transient effect rather than a permanent defect initially. And that transient effect, like with any digital cameras, you can start to see snowing. So salt and pepper noise on the cameras as the ionization-- as the ionizing radiation hits those cameras. So you can start to monitor things like that. And also when you've got instrumentation on the robot to get an indication that you're going in a really, really hot area. But to date, we just haven't-- we haven't reached a limit on that. And I think that with modern microelectronics, just really from a statistical perspective, because electronics are so small, the statistical probability of ionizing radiation hitting those electronics, of course, becomes smaller. So there is certainly, for sure, a limit. But in many applications, we haven't seen that yet. Kind of related, we've had a few questions about the Spot Suit and how that works with the cooling system of Spot and if air is getting sucked in that's contaminating the robot, things like that. Will, can you maybe give us a little bit more insight on how the Spot Suit is used and where you'd recommend using that with the robot? Sure thing, yeah. So the Spot Suit-- so of course, Spot does pull air in to cool down its CPU. The Spot Suit itself has HEPA filtration in it. So what we do is we recommend that when Spot goes into a highly contaminated environment and you deploy the robot, you use the Spot Suit for one deployment. And what I mean by one deployment, I mean multiple entries, but into one facility. When you then pull the robot out of that facility, we do the standard nuclear process of wiping the robot down. Depending where you are in the world with tacky wipes, Decon 90. Those typical things is what you do with a human. And of course, you're going to monitor and swab that. And then you can remove the suit from its robot-- from the robot in, again, the same way that you undress a human, you peel the suit away so that the dirty side stays on the outside. And then what we do is we always recommend that both faces of the HEPA filter are monitored with standard health physics frisking processes. So you can monitor that on the inside of the filter what's on there. If there is anything on there, there'd be a problem. But we've got countless deployments of the robot in there. Now the Spot Suit will limit the maximum temperature of what the robot can operate in. But we haven't actually found that as being a practical limitation at this stage by wearing the suit. And then, of course, you can then put your payloads on top of the robot with it still in the suit. Let's see. We've had a couple questions come through about smear sampling. We didn't really cover that in a lot of detail today. Aaron or Will, do you want to elaborate a bit more on that use case? Yeah, I'll kick it off with-- so one of the videos-- I think it was for NRS Dounreay, Scotland-- we showed a very early stage of sampling. So because of the dexterity of the manipulator on Spot, it really does lend itself to be able to do those samples. In that particular application, the robot, for example, reached over one of the walkways on top of a tank, captured a sample, and then brought it back into the change area for then health physics to monitor it. Other customers, for example, Sellafield, are doing that quite a lot. A separate research organization in the UK have developed a wonderful sampling tool. The organization is RAICo. And that just uses your standard Whatman filter papers that are used across the industry on the end of a sample tool. So as you then press down on the surface, you can get a view from the manipulator's camera. So you can see you're on the surface. You can also see as well that you're applying sufficient pressure. The particular tool that this organization RAICo made has a flag that pops up. You put the pressure down. And you can either teleoperate it, or you can do an autonomous move to make sure you cover a particular area and then eject that sample. So there's been a number of use cases of doing that. And the same of thing is true as well with frisking. So if you integrate a typical thing with a DP6 paddle probe and wave that over a surface in order to get the alpha counts from the environment as well. Switching gears, we had one question about comms. "What communication architectures are required to maintain reliable control links inside heavily shielded reactor buildings?" We hit on some of our radios. But Aaron or Will, either one of you want to talk a little bit more about our options there? Yeah, so I'll start off. And then I'm going to pass it to Will for some of the more detailed radio setups and some of these sites. So Spot is payload agnostic. It is also comm agnostic. So it can be used with a wide variety of communication devices, whether that be a long-range encrypted radio, a mesh network similar to a Rajant mesh, or Wi-Fi that's already established through a building. So it really depends on your mission, what you're trying to accomplish and how far you really need to go. I'll pass it off to Will. He has some extensive experience setting up a radio network in some of these facilities. So yeah, I think what Aaron said there was the critical part. It depends on the application. And it depends where you're going. As Aaron said, it's agnostic. Basically, if your radio comm system gives you an Ethernet output, it's likely that you can use it multiple different types. With a lot of the applications that we do, we'll set up a mesh network. One of the network-- one of the suppliers that we use is Rajant. If it's a permanent install, then we'll install multiple radio modules, get all those fully powered, and the robot can move around. You can do things like you can monitor the link strength between various different radio networks. If you're then deploying it as a one-off to go in and do, say, a gamma survey or something, you can use the robot itself to bring battery-powered radio mesh networks in there as well. Or you can put those mesh networks on other robots that can follow around. So it's veering, erring into a swarm type network. We at Createc have done projects in the past where we've had a robot that you're teleoperating and then you've got other robots that are then autonomously moving around to make sure that the quality of that network is maintained really high. So it's monitoring the link strengths and a number of other parameters so that they just move around to follow the robot. So it does depend on your application, but there's no doubt going to be a solution to your specific application. Switching gears again, we had a question come in presubmitted about change management and how your recommendations for addressing any initial resistance or skepticism from people who are used to other more traditional methods. You guys want to take that one together? So I'll kick off on that one. So yeah. So resistance to change, I think I'll answer it from a cultural adoption perspective. And I think that to make mobile robotics business as usual, cultural adoption is an absolute key part of this. Now, the first thing that's always asked is, are robots going to take our jobs? And the answer to that is no. In the nuclear industry, the whole purpose of robotics is that you're no longer sending humans into an area to check that the radiation is still there and then give the humans a radiation dose. So you can get the robots to do that. We mentioned the phrase dull, dirty, and dangerous. That's where the robots really, really have the power. So you're upscaling your workforce by getting them to do the things that only humans can do or to operate the robots or to analyze the data from a human perspective. The other part to this as well is that it's really interesting that when you first put robotics onto a site, everybody stops and stares and is in an absolute-- they are in awe over what they see. And it really is awesome. But very, very, very quickly, it just becomes the day-to-day. So people get used to it really, really quickly. And certainly, in my facility here, when we first had robots autonomously wandering around when we're doing development and test, it was new and novel and then very quickly just became standard part of the business. But it's certainly a piece of work to be done with customers initially to do that cultural adoption piece. Aaron, anything you want to add there? Yeah, so following on with what Will said, the inspection side of it for autonomous inspections is the dull tasks that are out there. And we'll touched on upskilling workers. That allows humans to go do more important tasks that robots cannot do, to go fix things, to go do jobs that a robot cannot do and allows the robot to go do those tasks that are sometimes looked at as repeatable, boring tasks. The robot can do the same way every time. Great. I think we have time for just one more question. So I'm going to ask that one, and we'll wrap up from there. If we didn't get to your question today, we're sorry. And we've got them documented. And we'll follow up with the response. So while we cover the last one, I'll put up a few resources here where you can learn more. But this last one is for you, Will. "How is radiation mapping reported? And what guidelines, if any, are employed in setting up the mapping results and reports?" So radiation mapping can be reported in many different ways. So the robot can stream the radiation data to the tablet. Or it can stream it to any other computer on the same network. Then what you can do is you can postprocess that data. You can come up with then your complete dose plane and also the 3D model as well. Then, depending on what your facility process is, you can ingest it into, for example, if you use ArcGIS. Or you can extract the data into a database. The data that the system outputs is all open standard for exactly that reason that we want to be able to bring that into existing site-based processes and systems. Great. I think that answered it. Perfect. Well, thank you, everyone, for joining the presentation today and for all your questions. We will be sending out the recording afterwards. So you can play that back. And if you have any questions or want to get in touch, you can use the links and QR codes here to do that. So thanks, Will and Aaron, for presenting. And hopefully, we can catch you next year for our next one. Thank you. Our pleasure. Thank you.